فرآیندهای واجی
Phonological Processes : Omission, Insertion and …
While phonemes articulate in isolation, they have the exact features we discussed earlier. But in the course of production some changes happen. Co- articulation, that is when phonemes are articulating together, affects the features. The changes are done according to the phonological rules of that particular language. These happenings are technically called Phonological Processes. In this brief discussion we study just some of them.
The reasons behind phonological processes
• When a heavy syllable appears in initial or mid position of Farsi words, it is somehow energy consuming to be uttered. One remedy is to reduce the syllable so that we consume less energy. Another way which Farsi speakers take is to add one more syllable in order to have the chance to take another breath. So ease of articulation is the reason – lightening the heavy syllable is just one of the examples of easy articulation-.
• Another reason is baby talk. Children during developing a language go through a stage with some special features of its own including vowel insertion and consonant omission.
• Syllabic adaptation is another reason. When a language borrows words from other languages, let us say Farsi borrows words from English or French, the foreign syllabic patterns should be adapted or conformed to the native patterns.
lustre => [lusr] reason: syllable adaptation French Farsi- CVCC
1.consonant omission
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lustre => [lus/ter] reason: syllable adaptation
French Farsi –CVC/CVC
2.vowel insertion
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The word ̍ lustre ̍ is a French word having three consonants in one syllable. Farsi speakers either use consonant omission or vowel insertion.
[hændz/fri] => [hænz/firi] reason: syllable adaptation
English- CVCCC/CCV Farsi- CVCC/CV/CV
consonant omission & vowel insertion
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As you can see both these processes are taking place in this utterance. The first syllable undergoes omission and the second encounters insertion.
It is necessary to know that those two processes happen not only inter- lingually but also within the languages. Note the followings:
/baz/daʃt/gah/ => [baz/daʃ/gah] reason: ease of articulation, a heavy syllable
/bænd/dar/ => [bæn/dar] reason: ease of articulation, a heavy syllable
/yƱ + ænd + mi/ => [yƱ ən mi] reason: ease of articulation, neighboring nasals٭
/ræftæm/ => [ræftæ] reason: baby talk
٭Producing two nasals coming one after the other is much easier than producing one nasal-n-, one oral-d- and then another nasal-m-.
Consonant omission
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/a/muz/gar/ => [Ɂa/mu/ze/gar] reason: ease of articulation, a heavy syllable
/as/man/ => [Ɂa/se/man] reason: ease of articulation, a heavy syllable
/pliz/ => [pəliz] reason: baby talk
vowel insertion
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It is also necessary to know that omission happens to vowels as well, and it is also possible to have consonant insertion. Observe the followings:
/tox/me/morq/ => [tox/morq] reason: ease of articulation reducing the number of syllable
/ʤæ/re/sæ/qil/ => [ʤær/sæ/qil] reason: same as above
3.Vowel omission
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/daneʃʤu # an/ => [daneʃʤuyan] reason: ease of articulation, not having the glottal stop
/ahu # an/ => [Ɂahovan] reason: same as above
Note that /-an/ is one of the Farsi plural morphemes. In the course of production we produce the glottal stop in order to have an allowed pattern which is CV:C. Replacing the glottal stop with another consonant especially with a glide-/y/- makes the production much easier.
4.Consonant insertion
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نیکو خیرخواه- نویسنده وبلاگ